GRAPE VENNA IPM

II. GRAPE TICHHETU THLITHLAI

A. Rimtui hmanga rannung hip khawm (Pheromone)

     Pangang thenkhat thlahtu, entirnan Helicoverpa leh Spodoptera, Grape rah khertu pangang thlahtu, (a pui) lungphur thlahtu chu Pheromone thang hmangin a chhunga rimtui bawm (Lure) dahin a hip khawm theih a ni. Grape huan hectare khata zauah Pheromone thang 12, hmun hrang hrangah hun tur a ni. Rannung (Lungphur thlahtu) a zirin a hiptu rimtui bawm (lure) kha a hran a awm zel a ni. Pheromone thang a rimtui bawm vuahna lai hi Grape zamna aia 6-12 inches- a sangah a awm ngei tur a ni. Khaw awmdan azirin ni 15-25 dahah rimtui bawm (lure) kha a tharin thlak zel tur a ni. Pheromone thang chhunga rannung / lungphur thlahtu tang chu nitin lakchhuaha, tihhlum zel tur a ni.

B. Thlai rulhut awm leh awm loh hriat dan

     A zung tisawrbawktu thlai rulhut vang hian Grape zung Chu a sawrbawk tuk a, a kung, ahnah leh a rah tan tui leh chawtha a hipkhawm that theih loh phah a ni. Rulhut chi dang (Reniform nematode) vang hian grape zung Chu a tawih a, a pilh bawk. Thlai rulhut vanga grape zung hrisello chu thiltui dumpawl, "Trypan Blue" ah chiah ila, grape zunga rulhut tui bawm (egg sac) a awm chuan a dumpawl that mai a, a zung erawh chu a rawng a danglam ve lo.

C. Natna taidarh tur sawilawk

     Grape natna larzual heng- a hnah rau, vutbuak leh a hnah leh a rah duk te hi a tai darh hma ni 1-2 chhungin a bik taka siam Computer software hmangin khaw awmdan azirin sawi lawk dan a awm. Tunah chuan khaw chin hriatna tenau deuh, khaw awmdan azira natna taidarh tur, minute reilote chhung kar dana sawi lawk theihna ( forcasting software ) hman tur ( lei tur ) India ramah a awm tawh a ni. Chutianga khawchin hriat lawk theihna ( weather station) chu grape buk karah a hun/dah mai theih a ni. Khaw awm dan a lo chhinchhiah chu nitin-a grape natna tai darh thei sawi lawkna a hman tangkai theih a ni. Khaw chin sawi lawk theih dan zulzuiin grape natna ven nana damdawi ( fungicide) kah tur leh kah hun a ruahman theih a ni. Grape natna taidarh tur sawilawk nan heng te hi a awm a tul a ni.

     (i) Amah a khaw lum leh vawh lam te, boruaka hnawng awm te, nikhata ni en chhung rei zawng te grape hnah hnawn rei chhung leh ruahsur dan te chhinchhiah thei khawl a awm tur a ni.

     (ii) Chutianga khaw awmdan khawl in a chhinchhiah tawhsa chu computer-a thun a, chawk a, hisapa, chhuta grape natna tai darh thei sawi lawk theihna tur, a bika siam software a awm bawk tur ani.

     A chunga hmanrua hi a awm phawt chuan grape huan neitute chuan a hun takah grape chu natna laka ven lawk nan damdawi (fungicide) an lo kap lawk anga, damdawi kah chu a tangkai hle bawk anga, tul lova pawisa sen thlawnna tur pawh a pumpelh theih bawk a ni. Grape huan, 10 acres-a zau ataa khawchin hriatna leh natna tai darh tur sawi lawkna hmanrua a awm a ni.

III. GRAPE VEN NANA IPM HMAN TURTE

1. Loneitu thiamsa

     l) A tang/a zik tan chuan, i sah thlak apiang chu hal ral vek tur a ni.

     2) A kawr/hawng khawk leh khi chu kheuh thlak vek tur a ni.

     3) Grape hnah buk lutuk hi ni eng a dawn rual theih nan paih then tur a ni a, a buk kara hnawng awm a tlem phah a, natna damdawi leh rannung thahna hlo kah ang ang pawh a insem rual bik a ni. Hei vang hian natna pawh a tlem nge nge a ni.

     4) Grape tang leh a hnah sahthlaka paih then zawh chuan grape kung bul hnaia lei chu rih phut tur a ni a, chu chuan leia awm vual, pangang, buhchium, rannung var (mealy bug) leh a tuihnang dawttu ( thrips) te a pho chhuak anga, nisain a em hlum dawn a ni.

2. Hmanraw dang hman

     1) Fur laiin grape tang leh a hnah, natnain a tlakbuak lai chu hlawi a, hal ral vek tur a ni.

     2) Rannung ( Spodoptera leh Helicoverpa) tui leh pangang vaia hmeh hlum tur a ni.

     3) Grape huan hectare khata zauah Pheromone thang 5 khai tur a ni a, hei hi pangang thlahtu lungphur thlahtu ( Helicoverpa leh Spodoptera) man nan a ni.

3. Rannungtha leh thil nung tangkai hman

     1) Grape tuihnang dawttu rannung var (Mealy bug) a tam chuan a suat turin rannung tha Cryptolaemus, keltelaimawm chi khat chu Grape kungah chhuah tur a ni a, kung khatah rannung tha note (grub) 10 zel chhuah tur a ni a, an tangkai lehzual theih nan tlai ninema chhuah tur a ni.

     2) Rannung var (mealy bug) suat nan a huat zawng natna hrik Verticillium lecanii ( 108cfu/g) @ 5gm leh tui 1litre chawhpawlh in grape chu kah tur a ni. Tui nena chawhpawlh hnuah darkar 4 tal chu a inchiah rih tur a ni a, ni tlak dawnah boruak a lum lutuk loh laiin kah tur a ni.

     3) Pangang suat nan Helicoverpa NPV emaw Spodoptera NPV emaw, @ 250 LE/ha chu tlai ninemah, ni 10 danah kah tur a ni.

     4) Thlai rulhut suat nan a hnah buk hlawi zawh hlimah grape kung bul, lei chhungah Pseudomonasfluorescence ( 6k 108cfu/g) @ 4gm zel grape kung pakhat bulah phul tur a ni a, a phulna lai hi grape kung atanga lft a hlaah, lei chhung 15cm a thukah phul tur a ni.

     5) Fur ruahtui tlak hmasak ber hnuah Ran ek hnawng 100kg leh Trichoderma viride phut, (108cfu/g) chawhpawlh tur a ni a, ni 7 chhung daihlimah dah phawt tur a ni. A hnuah chutianga ran ek leh Trichoderma viride chawhpawlh tawh chu grape kung khat ah 5kg zel dah tur a ni, hei hian leia awm natna hrik a ti tlem thei a ni.

     6) Trichoderma @10gm leh tui 1litre chawhpawlh in grape chu kah tur a ni, tichuan a hnah rau leh a hnah val natna a nep thei deuh ang.

     7) Grape rah lawh tawh tawih thin ven nan a rah hnuin leh ahnuah a rah lawh hma ni chiahin Trichoderma 10gm leh tui 1litre chawhpawlh in kah tur a ni.

4. Rannung thahna hlo leh natna damdawi kah

     1) Grape kung hawng thenfai hnuah carbaryl (0.4%) or Malathion (0.2%) ah lapua chiahin grape kung leh a zar te hruk tur a ni.

     2) Grape kung leh a zamna ban leh thirzaiah Chlorpyriphos phut (dust) phul tur a ni a, kung khatah 25gm zel phul tur a ni.

     3) A tuihnang dawttu rannung suat nan a hnah leh a zik buk lutuk hlawi hnu atangin a rah tan (a sen lai) thlengin ni 15 danah Methyl demeton @ 3ml leh tui litre 1 chawhpawlh emaw Phosphamidon @ 2ml leh tui litre 1 chawhpawlh emaw in grape chu kah tur a ni.

     4) keltelaimawm, kat nelh nelh thei, a hnah no leh a zikno eitu suat nan grape chawrno tantirh velleh Carbaryl @ 3gm leh tui litre 1 chawhpawlh emaw Quinalphos @2ml leh tui litre 1 chawhpawlh emaw kah tur a ni.

     5) Rannung var a tuihnang dawttu suat nan Dichlorvos @ 2ml leh tui 1litre chawhpawlh kah tur a ni.

     6) Leia awm thlai rulhut suat nan grape hnah leh a zik buk lutuk hlawi then hma kar khatah Neem Cake dah tur a ni a, grape bul khatah 200gm dah tur a ni, Neem cake a awm loh chuan Carbofuran 3G chu grape kung khatah 60 gm zel phul tur a ni.

     7) A hnah rau leh vut buak natna ven nan Bordeaux Mixture kah tur a ni. ( Chinai = 1kg, Copper sulphate = 1kg, tui = 100 litres)a hnah leh a zik buk lutuk hlawi hnuah kah tur a ni.

     8) A hnah val, rau leh a rah duk thluah thluah natna (Anthracnose) ven nan Carbendazim 50wp @ 2gm leh tui 1 litre chawhpawlh kah tur a ni, a zik leh a hnah buk lutuk hlawi hnu lawkah kah tan nghal tur a ni. A hnuah ni 10-15 danah kah nawn leh tur a ni. Carbendazim kah hnuah hian a tul dan azirin Mancozeb 75WP @ 3gm leh tui 1 litre chawhpawlh kah leh tur a ni, hei hi a awm loh chuan Captan @ 3gm leh tui 1litre chawhpawlh ni 15 danah kah tur a ni.

     9) A hnah rau natna (Downy mildew) ven nan heng a hnuaia damdawi zinga engemaw ber hi grape hnah chawr tantirh atangin kah tan tur a ni.

     Metalaxyl 8% + Mancozeb 64%wp @ 0.5% Fosetyl Al 80%wp or Cymoxonil 8% + Mancozeb 64% @ 1440 gm/ha.

     10) Grape natna chi hrang hrang ven nan Bordeaux mixture 1% kahtur a ni.

     11) A hnah val leh rau (Alternaria blight) ven nan Mancozeb emaw Captan emaw @ 3gm leh tui 1litre chawhpawlh kah tur a ni.

     12) Natna pakhat, Greenaria ven nan Thiophanate methyl @ 1gmleh tui 1litre chawhpawlha kah tur a ni.

     13) A rah hmin rual tha theilo hi natna chi khat Botryodiplodia vang a ni a, a enkawl nan a hnah buk lutuk leh a zik hlawi then atanga ni 20-25 hnuah a zung tihnawng turin Carbendazim or Benomyl or Thiophanate methyl emaw @ 1 gm leh tui 1litre chawhpawlh grape bul lei chu leih tur a ni.

     14) Grape hnah hnuai lam phut leh a rah tisawrbawktu natna (rust) ven nan Bordeaux mixture 1% in kah tur a ni. A nih loh pawhin Chlorothalonil @ 2gm leh tui 1litre chawhpawlh in kah tur a ni.

IV GRAPE VEN NANA IPM HMAN CHUNGCHANGA TIH TUR LEH TIHLOH TURTE

     1. Grape natna lar pahnih a hnahrau (Downy mildew) leh vutbuak (Powdery mildew) te hi a awmtirtu natna hrik hi thil nungah chauh awm thei a ni. Hei vang hian grape hnah leh a zik hlawi then lai hian a rang thei ang bera grape huan pumpui hlawi zawh vat tur a ni. Grape hnah leh a zik hlawi tawh leh hlawi leh tur inkarah hian ni 9 aia rei hna thawh chhunzawm theih dawn loh phei chuan hlawi loh lai zawng kha natna damdawi a kah rih mai tur a ni, chutilo chuan hlawi loh atang khan hlawi tawh grape kungah heng natna hrik te hi a darh zui leh mai a hlauhawm a ni. Grape hnah leh a zik hlawi thlak zawng zawng chu hal fai vek tur a ni.

     2. Grape hnah leh a zik hlawi zawh atangin ni 80 chhungin natna damdawi, Ethylene-bis-dithiocarbonate group a mi reng reng kah loh tur. He group a natna damdawi pakhat Ethylene thio Urea (ETU) phei chu thlai chhunga luta insemdarh thei (Siyternic) a ni a, a tur chakna hloh lovin grape rah hel (a thur lai) ah hian rei tak a chambang thei a ni. Chumi bakah ETU hi cancer thlen thei khawpa hlauhawm a ni. Grape rah hmin lawh hnuah ETU bang nawi hi grape raha a la awm a nih phei chuan chu grape rah chu eitlak loh a chhiar tur. Hei vang hian grape chingtute chuan an grape natna ven nan leh enkawl nan ETU hi an hmang tur a ni lo.

     3. Khaw chin hrilhlawkna (software) azirin India ramah hian grape natna, a bikin a hnah rau (Downy mildew), vutbuak (Powdery mildew) leh a hnah leh a rah val leh duk (anthracnose) atana heng natna lo thleng tur atana inrinlawk dan a awm tawh a, he natna lo thleng tur sawi lawk dan azir hian natna damdawi (fungicide) kah tur pawh a hriat theih a ni. Natna damdawi reng reng a tul tawpkhawkah lo chuan kah mai mai loh tur a ni.

     4. Grape rah hmin (lawh tawh/tih ro tawh) a rannung thahna hlo leh natna damdawi bang nawi (pesticides residues), mihring tana hrisello tham a awm hi a pawi hle a, harsatna lian tak a thlen thei a ni. Chutianga rannung thahna hlo leh natna damdawi bangnawi awmna bazara zawrh hi a sual thlak hle a, mipangai leh khua leh tui tha ni thin tan thil tih chi loh tawp a ni, ram danga thawn chhuah phei chu an hnawl nghal hmiah tawh a. Grape rah a hmin tan atang chuan eng rannung thahna hlo leh natna damdawi mah kah reng reng loh tur a ni. Grape rah hmin hnua rannung suat ngai leh enkawl ngai a awm a nih pawhin thil nung tangkai (Biopesticides) hman mai tur a ni. e.g Verticillium Lecani leh Trichoderma spp

     5. Rannung leh natna hnikin rannung thahna hlo leh natna damdawi an hriat loh hun a thlen loh nan heng a hnuai a mi te hi zawm thlap tur a ni.

          (i) Rannung thahna hlo group khata awm ho ringawt kah tlut tlut tura ni lo. Entirnan- Organophosphorous Compound zingah Malathion Phosphamidon, Dimethoate etc. Carbamate group ah chuan heng te hi a awm- Carbofuran 3G, Carbaryl etc.

     Synthetic Pyrethroid Group ah chuan- Cypermethrin, Fenvalerate, Allethrin, etc.

     Hetiang bawk hian thlai natna damdawi pawh group hrang hrangah then a ni, entirnan Copper compound-e.g Bordeux mixture, Sulphur compound- e.g Wettable Sulphur 80 WY.

     Dithio carbamates -e.g Macozeb 75WP, thuram 75 W'P, Zineb 75wp, Ziram 80WP.

     Organomercurials e.g Methoxy mercuric Chloride (MEMC)

     (Ceresen wet, Tafasan, Aretan, Agallol, Hexane)

     Heterocyclic nitrogenous Compounds. e.g Captan 75WT, Captafol

     Benzimidazoles e.g. Carbendazim 50WP

     Thiophanates e.g Thiophanate Methyl 70WP

          (ii) Kum khatah natna damdawi, kah hnua grape chhunga luta insemdarh thei (Systemic fungcides) group khata mi reng reng vawi khat bak kah nawn loh tur a ni.

          (iii) Thlai natna damdawi chi hnih, kah hnua grape chhunga luta insemdarh thei chi (Systemic) leh a theilo chi (Contac) a inchhawka kah tur a ni.

          (iv)Thlai natna damdawi zingah kah hnua grape chhunga luta insemdarh thei (Systemic) hi invenlawk nan kah tur a ni.